健康教育与健康促进

    一、家庭中如有乙肝病毒携带者或慢性乙肝患者，建议其他家庭成员正确接种乙肝疫苗，会起到很好的保护作用；与慢性乙肝患者或病毒携带者共同生活虽然会增加感染的风险，但正确接种乙肝疫苗会起到很好的保护作用。（专家意见）（参考美国疾病预防控制中心网站：http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission Who is at risk for hepatitis B? Although anyone can get hepatitis B, some people are at greater risk, such as those who:

• Have sex with an infected person
• Have multiple sex partners
• Have a sexually transmitted disease
• Are men who have sexual contact with other men
• Inject drugs or share needles, syringes, or other drug equipment
• Live with a person who has chronic hepatitis B
• Are infants born to infected mothers
• Are exposed to blood on the job
• Are hemodialysis patients
• Travel to countries with moderate to high rates of hepatitis B

    二、乙肝病毒通过除血液以外的体液交换传播，如精液和阴道分泌物。 （参考美国疾病预防控制中心网站：http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission Can hepatitis B be spread through sex? Yes. Among adults in the United States, hepatitis B is most commonly spread through sexual contact and accounts for nearly two-thirds of acute hepatitis B cases. In fact, hepatitis B is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV and can be passed through the exchange of body fluids, such as semen, vaginal fluids, and blood.）

   三、确实存在母亲用咀嚼过的食物喂养婴幼儿传播乙肝病毒的情况，如果存在口腔溃疡或牙龈出血，或深度接吻造成口腔黏膜破溃，也有通过唾液传播的可能。但普遍认为一般性接吻（如礼仪性接吻）不传播。（参考美国疾病预防控制中心网站：http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission Can hepatitis B be spread through food? Unlike hepatitis A, it is not spread routinely through food or water. However, there have been instances in which hepatitis B has been spread to babies when they have received food pre-chewed by an infected person.）；

   四、没有证据表明乙肝病毒会通过哺乳传播，但在哺乳过程中如果乳头被咬伤，会显著增加病毒传播的风险。（参考世界卫生组织网站信息www.who.int/entity/child_adolescent_health/documents/pdfs/hepatitis_b_and_breastfeeding.pdf Hepatitis B and breastfeeding：Risk of transmission by breastfeeding）